Shape constancy (perceptual constancies)

When we perceive the form of familiar objects as constant even while our retinal images of them change. Even though the door is opening we still perceive it as a rectangular shape and not as a new shape.

Brightness constancy (perceptual constancies)

When we perceive an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies. When my hand projects a shadow it creates a different light constancy on the desk.

Size constancy (perceptual constancies)

When we believe objects that are closer are larger than the objects farther away. In this photo the water bottle appears to be larger than the camelback in the background.

Motion perception

When our brain perceives motion. In this picture Harri is moving while we captured the picture.

Relative size (monocular cue)

When we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive that one that casts the smaller retinal image as father away. In this picture Harri is seen as larger than Kyle in the background because he is closer, even though they are the same size.

Relative clarity (monocular cue)

When we perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects. In this photo the trees seem closer than the hazy(foggy) background and mountain.

Binocular Cue

Judging the distance between two nearby objects. Evan is moving his fingers away from his face at first they were closer, but since he was looking beyond them when he moved them away they became farther apart.

Figure-ground perception

When your brain sees a figure in the background. In this photo you can see the faces created with the space between the figure and the ground. 

Proximity

When we group nearby figures. These pencils are seen as three groups of two not just six pencils.

Similarity

When we group together figures that are similar to each other. We see these bottles and cans separately going straight down not across.

Continuity

When we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. We perceive these lines to be one curved line and one straight line not one line as a whole.

Closure

Closure is when we fill gaps to create a complete, whole object. In this photo the circles are half but we can perceive them as whole